A Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Impaired Ureteral Flow During Peristaltic Motion

The urinary system includes the urethra, bladder, ureter, and kidneys. The urinary system maintains the body fluid volume ranges, pH, and other compositions required for homeostasis. It eliminates metabolic waste and excess biochemicals. There are two main sections in the urinary system. The upper urinary tract consists of the ureter and kidney, whereas the lower urinary tract comprises the bladder to the urethra section.

The upper urinary tract:

The kidneys and ureters are part of the upper urinary tract. The left kidney sits slightly higher than the right due to the larger liver on the right side. Kidneys are retroperitoneal organs, which means that they are located behind the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity. They are held in place by a fatty capsule called the renal fascia and can be found on either side of the spine near the lower back [