Environment and Climate of the Earth: Past, Present, and Future

The book which we are presenting to our readers is a result of many years of research in the sphere of environment and climate in various regions of the Earth and of our search for connections between the past and the present, namely, the connection between the solar factors influence on the Earth climate and vegetation cover in the past and in the present.We are presenting a totally new method of reconstruction of climate in the past and of forecasting climate changes in the future on the basis of using the data from the following methods: pollen analysis method, radiocarbon analysis method, contemporary meteorology data and solar activity research expressed in the international relative sunspot numbers (Wm2). It is also based on the use of Similarity Indices (SI). Similarity Indices enable us to trace the connection between the components of fossil and contemporary pollen spectra, and, consequently, the connection between the vegetation of the past, contemporary vegetation and climate.

The new method we have developed enables us to reconstruct the main elements of climates of the past and deviations of their main elements from the main elements of contemporary climate in any district or region under research.

This book is of interest for all researches who is working in different field of sciences about of the Earth - paleontology, geology, evolution geography, climate studies, and, especially, for students of young generation.

CONTENTS

About the book. 5
About authors. 7
Chapter 1. Introduction. 8
Chapter 2. Environment and climate of Earth. 19
2.1 Spore-pollen spectra - the safe archives of environment and climate. 19
2.2 The new method of essential of spore-pollen spectra. 21
Conclusion. 26
Chapter 3. The new method of reconstruction of past climates. 27
3.1 Material and Technique. 28
3.2 Results and discussions. 32
Conclusion. 34
Chapter 4. Solar activity and forecasts. 36
4.1 Come back to the near past 36
4.2 Climates of past and forecasts: an integrated approach. 40
Special characteristic of 44-year cycles. 49
4.3 Solar cycles - Sunspots- Similarity indices - Forecasts of climate changes at Earth 54
4.4 Solar Cycle 24. 55
4.5 Cold winters and their relationship to solar activity. 61
Cold winter of 1708 - Solar cycle 4. 61
Cold winters from 1810 to 1815 - Solar cycle 6. 61
Cold winter 1910 in North Canada. 62
Cold snowy winters from 2008 to 2010 64
4.6 Warm winters - signals from the past to present 71
The warm winters 2017-2018. 71
Conclusion. 73
Chapter 5. Forecasts of climatic changes on Earth and Explorers. 76
5.1 Johann Rudolf Wolf. 76
5.2 Valery N. Kupetsky. 78
5.3 Alexander I. Ohl′ 83
Chapter 6. Stationary polynyas and pressure cracks in the freezing seas. 86
Conclusion. 92
Chapter 7. Climate of Earth: economic and social aspects. 94
Chapter 8. Viruses on Earth and Sun activity. 99
8.1 Warm winters on Earth, their role in the spread of the pandemic virus COVID - 19 99
8.2 The main factor in the spread of the COVID -19 pandemic. 100
Conclusion. 104
Chapter 9. Water, rivers, lakes, water storage reservoirs are the treasures of Earth 104
Conclusion. 109
General conclusions. 110
Glossary. 112
References 115